SFF-2026 Main Round S-Process Recommendations Announcement

In 2026, twelve people across three tracks participated as “Recommenders” (grant evaluators) in a single round of a grant-recommendation process for Funders Jaan Tallinn and Dustin Moskovitz. The round featured three tracks: the Main Track, the Fairness Track, and the Freedom Track. The following Recommenders in this round agreed to have their identities made public:

  • Benjamin Weinstein-Raun (Main Track)
  • Connor Leahy (Main Track)
  • Eli Dourado (Main Track)
  • Rob Miles (Main Track)
  • Scott Alexander (Main Track)
  • Zach Stein-Perlman (Main Track)
  • Glen Weyl (Fairness Track)
  • Irene Solaiman (Fairness Track)
  • Robin Hanson (Freedom Track)
  • Zvi Mowshowitz (Freedom Track)

One Fairness Track Recommender and one Freedom Track Recommender have chosen to remain anonymous.

How final grant amounts were determined

The “S-Process”

We call the recommendation process used in this grant round the “S-Process,” for “Simulation Process,” because it involves allowing the Recommenders and Funders to simulate a large number of counterfactual delegation scenarios using a table of marginal utility functions. Recommenders specified marginal utility functions for funding each application, and adjusted those functions through discussions with each other as the round progressed. Similarly, the Funders specified and adjusted different utility functions for deferring to each Recommender. In this round, the process also allowed the Funders to make some final adjustments to decide on their final intended grant amounts.

The S-Process app is still being developed for broader use.

Synthetic Mean Recommender

We used Recommenders’ inputs to create a Synthetic Mean Recommender. This feature acts as a simulated Recommender, generating grant recommendations by using an average of all the Recommenders’ utility functions weighted to give each Recommender an equal amount of influence.

Tracks

Two specialized tracks, the Fairness Track and the Freedom Track, ran with three Recommenders each, in parallel with the Main Track which had six Recommenders. Applicants could specifically flag their application for consideration by Recommenders in the Freedom Track, the Fairness Track, or both. All guaranteed eligible applications (applications which received an approval of their Speculation Grant request) were qualified to be evaluated by Recommenders in all tracks (Main, Freedom, and Fairness).

In the final recommendations table, the “Track Recommendations” column shows the recommendations from each of the three tracks and the Synthetic Mean Recommender. In the “Total Funding Recommended” column is the total funding recommendation an org received, which is the sum of the recommendations from the three tracks and the Synthetic Mean Recommender.

Matching Pledges

Matching Pledges are commitments made by the Funder of an S-Process round to match outside donations to a recipient at some rate (such as 0.5x, 1x, or 3x), up to the pledged amount. Several applicants this round opted to receive some or all of their funding as a Matching Pledge.

The goals of the Matching Pledge program include diversifying the funding landscape, providing encouragement to other donors who want to give more, and increasing the fundraising robustness and independence of organizations receiving recommendations from the S-Process.

Total funding amounts

The total funding recommended in this round is $64.58MM, exceeding our $14MM–$28MM estimate. An additional $0.50MM was distributed previously through Speculation Grants in excess of our final recommendations for those organizations. The total funding expected to be distributed in association with this round is $65.08MM. (Please note that due to rounding, subtotals may not precisely add up to the total figure.)

Total funding recommended: $64.58MM (Total expected to be distributed: $65.08MM)

†

  • $47.63MM
  • Recommended; distribution pending
  • $20.02MM
  • Jaan Tallinn
  • $27.61MM
  • Dustin Moskovitz
  • $8.72MM
  • Recommended as Matching Pledges; distribution conditional on matching requirements (source Jaan Tallinn)
  • $7.63MM
  • Recommended; already distributed through Speculation Grants (source Jaan Tallinn)
  • $0.13MM
  • Recommended; previously awarded as Speculation Grants, distribution pending
  • $0.48MM
  • Recommended as Matching Pledges; previously awarded as Speculation Grants, distribution conditional on matching requirements
  • ($0.50MM)
  • In excess of recommendations; already distributed through Speculation Grants (source Jaan Tallinn)
† The total in parentheses reflects additional funding that was distributed in cases where the amount of the Speculation Grant awarded to an organization exceeded the eventual recommendation amount for that organization. This additional funding is not included in the figure for the total funding recommended in this round, but is included in the amount of funding expected to be distributed in total.

‍

Total funding recommended, by Funder:

  • $34.49MM
  • Recommended to be funded by Jaan Tallinn
  • $20.02MM
  • Distribution pending, not already covered by Speculation Grants
  • $8.72MM
  • Recommended as Matching Pledges; distribution conditional on matching requirements
  • $5.75MM
  • Already covered by Speculation Grants
  • $30.09MM
  • Recommended to be funded by Dustin Moskovitz
  • $27.61MM
  • Distribution pending, not already covered by Speculation Grants
  • $2.49MM§
  • Already covered by Speculation Grants funded by Jaan Tallinn
§ Speculation Grants are funded by Jaan Tallinn. For some organizations, the Speculation Grant was larger than Jaan Tallinn’s share of the final recommendation. The difference reduces Dustin Moskovitz’s funding to be distributed by the same amount, $2.49MM in total.

‍

Total funding recommended, by the track of Recommenders:

  • $14.02MM
  • Recommended by Recommenders participating in the Main Track (within our $10MM–$20MM estimate)
  • $8.11MM
  • Recommended by Recommenders participating in the Fairness Track (exceeding our $2MM–$4MM estimate)
  • $31.48MM
  • Recommended by Recommenders participating in the Freedom Track (exceeding our $2MM–$4MM estimate)
  • $10.97MM
  • Recommended by the Synthetic Mean Recommender

‍

Total funding recommended, by the track of applications:

  • $25.23MM
  • Recommended to applications targeting neither fairness nor freedom
  • $28.64MM
  • Recommended to applications targeting both fairness and freedom
  • $4.43MM
  • Recommended to applications targeting fairness only
  • $6.28MM
  • Recommended to applications targeting freedom only

Final recommendations

Most of the final endorsed recommendations of this round of the S-Process are listed below. These numbers have resulted from numerical inputs from both the Funders and Recommenders, which represented estimates of the marginal utility of granting to each organization. Note that:

  1. Some of the recommendations below might not be finalized as grants if they are logistically difficult or time-consuming for the Funders (Jaan Tallinn and Dustin Moskovitz) to finalize for some reason.
  2. Some additional recommendations might appear on this list later as more details about them become clear.‍
  3. Details of some recommendations may change later as we receive updates from applicants about fiscal sponsors, grant purposes, or other details.
  4. Due to rounding, the funding amounts recommended by each track for an organization may not precisely add up to the total funding recommended for that organization.
Source
Organization
Track Rec.
Total Funding Rec.
Receiving Charity
Purpose
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
9th International Conference for Applied Category Theory
Main: $0
Freedom: $25,000
Fairness: $3,000
Mean: $2,000
$30,000
Jaan Tallinn: $4,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $26,000
Speculation: ($30,000)†
Tallinn University of Technology
General support of the 9th International Conference for Applied Category Theory
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Agent Foundations Field Network (AFFINE) [Technical Research]
Main: $2,000
Freedom: $156,000
Fairness: $16,000
Mean: $30,000
$203,000
Jaan Tallinn: $37,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $166,000
Speculation: ($95,000)†
Beacon Institute for Global Catastrophic Risk
General support of Technical Research
Jaan Tallinn
AI & Democracy Foundation
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $340,000
Mean: $14,000
$354,000
Speculation: ($65,000)†
Matching: {$16,000}‡
Thoughtful Tech Project, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn
AI Futures Project
Main: $989,000
Freedom: $136,000
Fairness: $11,000
Mean: $168,000
$1,305,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
AI Futures Project
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
AI Impacts
Main: $67,000
Freedom: $189,000
Fairness: $30,000
Mean: $65,000
$351,000
Jaan Tallinn: $112,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $239,000
Speculation: ($330,000)†
Machine Intelligence Research Institute
General support of AI Impacts
Jaan Tallinn
AI Objectives Institute
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $312,000
Mean: $0
$312,000
Speculation: ($160,000)†
AI Objectives Institute
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
AI Safety Camp (AISC)
Main: $120,000
Freedom: $99,000
Fairness: $0
Mean: $36,000
$255,000
Jaan Tallinn: $118,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $137,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Matching: {$28,000}‡
Ashgro, Inc.
General support of AI Safety Camp
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
AI Standards Lab & Holtman Systems Research
Main: $0
Freedom: $20,000
Fairness: $27,000
Mean: $0
$48,000
Jaan Tallinn: $28,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $20,000
Speculation: ($20,000)†
Players Philanthropy Fund
General support of AI Standards Lab & Holtman Systems Research
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
AISafety Info
Main: $0
Freedom: $29,000
Fairness: $0
Mean: $0
$30,000
Jaan Tallinn: $17,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $13,000
Speculation: ($30,000)†
Ashgro, Inc.
General support of AISafety Info
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
AISafety Info
Main: $101,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $31,000
Mean: $26,000
$158,000
Jaan Tallinn: $90,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $68,000
Speculation: ($50,000)†
Matching: {$26,000}‡
Ashgro, Inc.
General support of AISafety Info
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
AISafety.com
Main: $3,000
Freedom: $123,000
Fairness: $0
Mean: $24,000
$150,000
Jaan Tallinn: $29,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $121,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Ashgro, Inc.
General support of AISafety.com
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Alignment of Complex Systems Research Group (ACS)
Main: $641,000
Freedom: $608,000
Fairness: $96,000
Mean: $236,000
$1,580,000
Jaan Tallinn: $958,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $622,000
Speculation: ($30,000)†
Matching: {$228,000}‡
Epistea US
General support of Alignment of Complex Systems Research Group
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Alliance to Feed the Earth in Disasters (ALLFED)
Main: $0
Freedom: $556,000
Fairness: $53,000
Mean: $64,000
$673,000
Jaan Tallinn: $111,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $562,000
Speculation: ($30,000)†
Matching: {$92,000}‡
ALLFED Institute
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Apollo Research
Main: $0
Freedom: $311,000
Fairness: $4,000
Mean: $0
$315,000
Jaan Tallinn: $9,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $306,000
Speculation: ($90,000)†
Apollo Research PBC
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Atlas Computing
Main: $547,000
Freedom: $766,000
Fairness: $7,000
Mean: $1,456,000
$2,776,000
Jaan Tallinn: $2,049,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $727,000
Speculation: ($200,000)†
Convergent Research, Inc.
General support of Atlas Computing
Jaan Tallinn
Augur
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $16,000
Mean: $0
$16,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Augur LLC
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Authensor
Main: $12,000
Freedom: $66,000
Fairness: $5,000
Mean: $17,000
$100,000
Jaan Tallinn: $29,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $71,000
Speculation: ($20,000)†
Authensor, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
AuthorBot
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $27,000
Mean: $0
$27,000
Jaan Tallinn: $5,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $22,000
Speculation: ($50,000)†
AuthorBot, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn
BERI-CLTC Collaboration
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $57,000
Mean: $0
$57,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative
General support of BERI-CLTC Collaboration
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative (BERI)
Main: $226,000
Freedom: $233,000
Fairness: $0
Mean: $89,000
$549,000
Jaan Tallinn: $221,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $328,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Cambridge Boston Alignment Initiative (CBAI)
Main: $366,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $2,000
Mean: $129,000
$496,000
Jaan Tallinn: $340,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $156,000
Speculation: ($20,000)†
Cambridge Boston Alignment Initiative
General support
Jaan Tallinn
Center for AI Safety (CAIS)*
Main: $68,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $179,000
Mean: $245,000
$492,000
Speculation: ($135,000)†
Matching: {$357,000}‡
Center for AI Safety, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn
Center for Applied Rationality (CFAR)
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $5,000
Mean: $0
$5,000
Speculation: ($150,000)†
Center for Applied Rationality
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Center for Open Science
Main: $0
Freedom: $345,000
Fairness: $2,000
Mean: $60,000
$408,000
Jaan Tallinn: $69,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $339,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Center for Open Science, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Center on Long-Term Risk (CLR)
Main: $362,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $0
Mean: $0
$362,000
Jaan Tallinn: $207,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $155,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Center on Long-Term Risk
General support
Jaan Tallinn
Centre for AI Security and Access (CASA)
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $121,000
Mean: $0
$121,000
Speculation: ($30,000)†
Rethink Priorities
General support of Centre for AI Security and Access
Jaan Tallinn
Centre for Effective Altruism (CEA) [AI Events Team]
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $12,000
Mean: $0
$12,000
Speculation: ($20,000)†
Centre for Effective Altruism, Inc.
General support of AI Events Team
Jaan Tallinn
Centre for Enabling EA Learning & Research (CEEALAR)
Main: $815,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $4,000
Mean: $66,000
$885,000
Speculation: ($30,000)†
Matching: {$239,000}‡
Centre for Enabling EA Learning & Research
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Centre for Long-Term Resilience (CLTR)
Main: $28,000
Freedom: $6,000
Fairness: $1,009,000
Mean: $40,000
$1,082,000
Jaan Tallinn: $1,079,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $3,000
Speculation: ($95,000)†
Matching: {$650,000}‡
Founders Pledge, Ltd.
General support of the Centre for Long-Term Resilience
Jaan Tallinn
Centre for the Governance of AI (GovAI)
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $551,000
Mean: $275,000
$826,000
Speculation: ($95,000)†
Matching: {$274,000}‡
Centre for the Governance of AI, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Civic AI Security Program (CivAI)
Main: $66,000
Freedom: $427,000
Fairness: $1,000
Mean: $205,000
$699,000
Jaan Tallinn: $250,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $449,000
Speculation: ($35,000)†
Civic AI Security Program, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Common Grounds AI
Main: $0
Freedom: $67,000
Fairness: $322,000
Mean: $0
$388,000
Jaan Tallinn: $121,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $267,000
Speculation: ($200,000)†
Active Inference Institute, Inc.
General support of Common Grounds AI
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Compassion Aligned Machine Learning (CaML)
Main: $332,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $1,000
Mean: $124,000
$457,000
Jaan Tallinn: $315,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $142,000
Speculation: ($15,000)†
Players Philanthropy Fund
General support of Compassion Aligned Machine Learning
Jaan Tallinn
Conflict Superintelligence Institute
Main: $0
Freedom: $217,000
Fairness: $8,000
Mean: $0
$225,000
Speculation: ($20,000)†
Matching: {$39,000}‡
Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative
General support of Conflict Superintelligence Institute
Jaan Tallinn
Convergence Analysis
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $35,000
Mean: $0
$35,000
Speculation: ($105,000)†
Convergence Analysis
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Cornell University [LIL Lab]
Main: $81,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $34,000
Mean: $344,000
$460,000
Jaan Tallinn: $433,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $27,000
Speculation: ($25,000)†
Cornell University
General support of LIL Lab
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Dovetail
Main: $0
Freedom: $1,003,000
Fairness: $16,000
Mean: $0
$1,019,000
Jaan Tallinn: $19,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $1,000,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Anti Entropy
General support of Dovetail
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Earth Species Project
Main: $0
Freedom: $61,000
Fairness: $50,000
Mean: $0
$111,000
Jaan Tallinn: $70,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $41,000
Speculation: ($270,000)†
Earth Species Project
General support
Jaan Tallinn
Edge City
Main: $0
Freedom: $289,000
Fairness: $6,000
Mean: $0
$295,000
Edge Institute, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Effective Institutions Project (EIP)
Main: $131,000
Freedom: $1,713,000
Fairness: $127,000
Mean: $221,000
$2,192,000
Jaan Tallinn: $469,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $1,723,000
Speculation: ($30,000)†
Matching: {$336,000}‡
Effective Institutions Project, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Eisenstat Research Program
Main: $1,000
Freedom: $411,000
Fairness: $36,000
Mean: $52,000
$500,000
Jaan Tallinn: $65,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $435,000
Speculation: ($80,000)†
Machine Intelligence Research Institute
General support of Eisenstat Research Program
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Epoch AI
Main: $0
Freedom: $550,000
Fairness: $21,000
Mean: $75,000
$646,000
Jaan Tallinn: $104,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $542,000
Speculation: ($195,000)†
Epoch Artificial Intelligence, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn
European Center for Not-For-Profit Law (ECNL)
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $142,000
Mean: $0
$142,000
Speculation: ($155,000)†
European Center for Not-For-Profit Law Stichting
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
EvalEval
Main: $0
Freedom: $208,000
Fairness: $317,000
Mean: $35,000
$560,000
Jaan Tallinn: $317,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $243,000
Speculation: ($40,000)†
Matching: {$279,000}‡
The Eleuther AI Institute
General support of EvalEval
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
FAR AI
Main: $1,000
Freedom: $820,000
Fairness: $25,000
Mean: $28,000
$875,000
Jaan Tallinn: $104,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $771,000
Speculation: ($275,000)†
Matching: {$97,000}‡
FAR AI, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn
First Proof
Main: $109,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $23,000
Mean: $0
$132,000
Speculation: ($20,000)†
Matching: {$96,000}‡
First Proof Foundation
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Foresight Institute
Main: $457,000
Freedom: $39,000
Fairness: $147,000
Mean: $471,000
$1,113,000
Jaan Tallinn: $1,062,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $51,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Matching: {$293,000}‡
The Foresight Institute
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Foundation for American Innovation (FAI)
Main: $179,000
Freedom: $709,000
Fairness: $78,000
Mean: $73,000
$1,039,000
Jaan Tallinn: $254,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $785,000
Speculation: ($110,000)†
Foundation for American Innovation
General support
Jaan Tallinn
French Center for AI Safety (CeSIA)
Main: $40,000
Freedom: $68,000
Fairness: $26,000
Mean: $64,000
$198,000
Speculation: ($30,000)†
Matching: {$53,000}‡
Centre pour la Sécurité de l’IA
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Future Impact Group
Main: $0
Freedom: $48,000
Fairness: $0
Mean: $0
$49,000
Jaan Tallinn: $33,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $16,000
Speculation: ($20,000)†
Ashgro, Inc.
General support of Future Impact Group
Jaan Tallinn
GD Research
Main: $0
Freedom: $99,000
Fairness: $1,000
Mean: $0
$100,000
Speculation: ($20,000)†
Lightcone Infrastructure, Inc.
General support of GD Research
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Gimbal
Main: $5,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $45,000
Mean: $31,000
$81,000
Jaan Tallinn: $43,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $38,000
Speculation: ($11,000)†
Matching: {$28,000}‡
Ashgro, Inc.
General support of Gimbal
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Good Ancestors Policy
Main: $0
Freedom: $529,000
Fairness: $3,000
Mean: $0
$532,000
Jaan Tallinn: $11,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $521,000
Speculation: ($60,000)†
Good Ancestors Policy, Ltd.
General support
Jaan Tallinn
Goodheart Labs
Main: $61,000
Freedom: $22,000
Fairness: $2,000
Mean: $153,000
$238,000
Speculation: ($85,000)†
Goodheart Labs, Ltd.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
GreenEarth
Main: $12,000
Freedom: $394,000
Fairness: $0
Mean: $55,000
$460,000
Jaan Tallinn: $279,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $181,000
Speculation: ($20,000)†
Matching: {$82,000}‡
Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative
General support of GreenEarth
Jaan Tallinn
Groundless Alignment
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $16,000
Mean: $0
$16,000
Speculation: ($30,000)†
Epistea, z.s.
General support of Groundless Alignment
Jaan Tallinn
Humans in Control
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $23,000
Mean: $0
$23,000
Speculation: ($40,000)†
Humans in Control, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn
Iliad
Main: $119,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $8,000
Mean: $52,000
$179,000
Speculation: ($20,000)†
Matching: {$159,000}‡
Principles of Intelligence
General support of Iliad
Jaan Tallinn
ILINA Program
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $393,000
Mean: $187,000
$580,000
Speculation: ($115,000)†
Matching: {$459,000}‡
Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative
General support of ILINA Program
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Institute for AI Policy and Strategy (IAPS)
Main: $0
Freedom: $472,000
Fairness: $3,000
Mean: $0
$475,000
Jaan Tallinn: $10,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $465,000
Speculation: ($80,000)†
Institute for AI Policy and Strategy, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
James Payor
Main: $0
Freedom: $206,000
Fairness: $0
Mean: $0
$207,000
Jaan Tallinn: $9,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $198,000
Speculation: ($80,000)†
Good Forever Foundation
General support of Formal Verification Foundations Research led by James Payor
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
John Wentworth & David Lorell
Main: $1,000
Freedom: $439,000
Fairness: $2,000
Mean: $78,000
$519,000
Jaan Tallinn: $116,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $403,000
Speculation: ($340,000)†
Lightcone Infrastructure, Inc.
General support of research led by John Wentworth & David Lorell
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Legal Advocates for Safe Science and Technology (LASST)
Main: $379,000
Freedom: $518,000
Fairness: $40,000
Mean: $75,000
$1,012,000
Jaan Tallinn: $459,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $553,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Matching: {$172,000}‡
Legal Advocates for Safe Science and Technology, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn
Legal Safety Lab
Main: $635,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $36,000
Mean: $100,000
$771,000
Speculation: ($30,000)†
Matching: {$90,000}‡
Stichting Legal Safety Lab
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Lens Academy
Main: $171,000
Freedom: $67,000
Fairness: $1,000
Mean: $13,000
$252,000
Jaan Tallinn: $186,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $66,000
Speculation: ($40,000)†
Beacon Institute for Global Catastrophic Risk
General support of Lens Academy
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Less Death Inc.
Main: $0
Freedom: $751,000
Fairness: $2,000
Mean: $0
$753,000
Jaan Tallinn: $13,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $740,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Less Death, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Lightcone Infrastructure
Main: $262,000
Freedom: $3,335,000
Fairness: $13,000
Mean: $72,000
$3,682,000
Jaan Tallinn: $671,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $3,011,000
Speculation: ($475,000)†
Matching: {$493,000}‡
Lightcone Infrastructure, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Longevity Escape Velocity Foundation (LEV Foundation)
Main: $0
Freedom: $1,315,000
Fairness: $1,000
Mean: $42,000
$1,358,000
Jaan Tallinn: $190,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $1,168,000
Speculation: ($110,000)†
Matching: {$189,000}‡
Longevity Escape Velocity Foundation
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Mathematical Metaphysics Institute
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $98,000
Mean: $28,000
$126,000
Jaan Tallinn: $44,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $82,000
Speculation: ($81,000)†
Mathematical Metaphysics Institute
General support
Jaan Tallinn
Meaning Alignment Institute
Main: $0
Freedom: $147,000
Fairness: $10,000
Mean: $0
$157,000
Speculation: ($35,000)†
The Hack Foundation
General support of Meaning Alignment Institute
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Missing Measures
Main: $0
Freedom: $243,000
Fairness: $22,000
Mean: $10,000
$276,000
Jaan Tallinn: $70,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $206,000
Speculation: ($80,000)†
Lightcone Infrastructure, Inc.
General support of Missing Measures
Jaan Tallinn
Model Evaluation & Threat Research (METR)
Main: $1,078,000
Freedom: $1,000,000
Fairness: $31,000
Mean: $93,000
$2,201,000
Speculation: ($165,000)†
Matching: {$1,426,000}‡
Model Evaluation and Threat Research, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Modeling Cooperation
Main: $0
Freedom: $108,000
Fairness: $0
Mean: $0
$108,000
Jaan Tallinn: $2,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $106,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Convergence Analysis
General support of Modeling Cooperation
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Neo Research
Main: $704,000
Freedom: $11,000
Fairness: $16,000
Mean: $214,000
$945,000
Jaan Tallinn: $667,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $278,000
Speculation: ($35,000)†
Matching: {$114,000}‡
Singapore AI Safety Hub, Ltd.
General support of Neo Research
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Non-Trivial Ventures
Main: $250,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $1,000
Mean: $64,000
$315,000
Jaan Tallinn: $221,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $94,000
Speculation: ($50,000)†
Matching: {$40,000}‡
Non-Trivial Ventures
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Oath Technologies
Main: $721,000
Freedom: $248,000
Fairness: $4,000
Mean: $2,002,000
$2,975,000
Jaan Tallinn: $2,732,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $243,000
Speculation: ($151,000)†
Convergent Research, Inc.
General support of Oath Technologies
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Office of American Possibilities Fund
Main: $0
Freedom: $352,000
Fairness: $40,000
Mean: $0
$392,000
Jaan Tallinn: $17,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $375,000
Speculation: ($35,000)†
Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, Inc.
General support of Office of American Possibilities Fund
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Oxford China Policy Lab (OCPL)
Main: $146,000
Freedom: $1,242,000
Fairness: $62,000
Mean: $150,000
$1,601,000
Jaan Tallinn: $355,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $1,246,000
Speculation: ($165,000)†
Matching: {$206,000}‡
Berkeley Existential Risk Initiative
General support of Oxford China Policy Lab
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Palisade Research
Main: $206,000
Freedom: $1,294,000
Fairness: $17,000
Mean: $325,000
$1,842,000
Jaan Tallinn: $482,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $1,360,000
Speculation: ($260,000)†
Palisade Research, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn
PauseAI Deutschland
Main: $0
Freedom: $16,000
Fairness: $22,000
Mean: $0
$38,000
Speculation: ($30,000)†
Stichting PauseAI
General support of PauseAI Deutschland
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
PauseAI Global
Main: $736,000
Freedom: $482,000
Fairness: $0
Mean: $279,000
$1,497,000
Jaan Tallinn: $1,017,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $480,000
Stichting PauseAI
General support of PauseAI Global
Jaan Tallinn
Petr Salaba
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $26,000
Mean: $0
$26,000
Speculation: ($30,000)†
Epistea, z.s.
General support of research led by Petr Salaba
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Poseidon Research
Main: $208,000
Freedom: $366,000
Fairness: $1,000
Mean: $100,000
$675,000
Jaan Tallinn: $224,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $451,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Center for New Data
General support of Poseidon Research
Jaan Tallinn
Principles of Intelligence (PIBBSS)
Main: $521,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $21,000
Mean: $22,000
$564,000
Speculation: ($40,000)†
Matching: {$482,000}‡
Principles of Intelligence
General support
Jaan Tallinn
Pronomos Capital Management*
Main: $0
Freedom: $246,000
Fairness: $4,000
Mean: $0
$250,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Pronomos Capital Management, LLC
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Psst.org
Main: $2,000
Freedom: $189,000
Fairness: $51,000
Mean: $52,000
$294,000
Jaan Tallinn: $89,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $205,000
Speculation: ($20,000)†
Matching: {$51,000}‡
Psst-org, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Reciprocal Research
Main: $31,000
Freedom: $631,000
Fairness: $1,000
Mean: $56,000
$719,000
Jaan Tallinn: $115,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $604,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Matching: {$51,000}‡
Reciprocal Research, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Sage Future
Main: $0
Freedom: $287,000
Fairness: $10,000
Mean: $0
$298,000
Jaan Tallinn: $7,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $291,000
Speculation: ($165,000)†
Sage Future, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
SecureBio
Main: $0
Freedom: $851,000
Fairness: $71,000
Mean: $6,000
$927,000
Jaan Tallinn: $31,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $896,000
Speculation: ($50,000)†
SecureBio, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
SecureDNA Foundation
Main: $0
Freedom: $635,000
Fairness: $57,000
Mean: $0
$692,000
Jaan Tallinn: $30,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $662,000
Speculation: ($40,000)†
SecureBio, Inc.
General support of SecureDNA Foundation
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Security Level 5
Main: $0
Freedom: $411,000
Fairness: $28,000
Mean: $0
$439,000
Jaan Tallinn: $34,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $405,000
Speculation: ($60,000)†
Security Level 5
General support
Jaan Tallinn
Seismic Foundation
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $7,000
Mean: $0
$7,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Seismic Catalyst Foundation
General support
Jaan Tallinn
Simon Institute for Longterm Governance
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $237,000
Mean: $44,000
$281,000
Speculation: ($65,000)†
Matching: {$138,000}‡
Simon Institute for Longterm Governance
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Simplex
Main: $5,000
Freedom: $110,000
Fairness: $349,000
Mean: $184,000
$647,000
Jaan Tallinn: $250,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $397,000
Speculation: ($30,000)†
Epistea, z.s.
General support of Simplex
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Singapore AI Safety Hub (SASH)
Main: $917,000
Freedom: $33,000
Fairness: $28,000
Mean: $280,000
$1,259,000
Jaan Tallinn: $970,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $289,000
Speculation: ($50,000)†
Matching: {$496,000}‡
Singapore AI Safety Hub, Ltd.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Softmax
Main: $0
Freedom: $68,000
Fairness: $22,000
Mean: $0
$90,000
Jaan Tallinn: $75,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $15,000
Speculation: ($100,000)†
The Analogue Group, Inc.
General support of Softmax
Jaan Tallinn
Stanford University [Lean Verification for Safe AI]
Main: $38,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $5,000
Mean: $32,000
$75,000
Speculation: ($20,000)†
Matching: {$40,000}‡
Stanford University
General support of Lean Verification for Safe AI
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
TamperSec
Main: $238,000
Freedom: $187,000
Fairness: $54,000
Mean: $120,000
$598,000
Jaan Tallinn: $274,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $324,000
Speculation: ($40,000)†
TamperSec, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Tara Research
Main: $59,000
Freedom: $213,000
Fairness: $1,000
Mean: $47,000
$319,000
Jaan Tallinn: $84,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $235,000
Speculation: ($30,000)†
Stichting Tara Research
General support
Jaan Tallinn
Tarbell Center for AI Journalism
Main: $0
Freedom: $182,000
Fairness: $625,000
Mean: $0
$807,000
Speculation: ($135,000)†
Tarbell Center for AI Journalism, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn
Technical University of Munich [Civic Machines Lab]
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $71,000
Mean: $99,000
$170,000
Technical University of Munich
General support of Civic Machines Lab
Jaan Tallinn
Technology Strategy Roleplay
Main: $0
Freedom: $509,000
Fairness: $14,000
Mean: $0
$523,000
Speculation: ($340,000)†
Transformative Futures Foresight Institute, Inc.
General support of Technology Strategy Roleplay
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
The AI Policy Institute (AIPI)
Main: $4,000
Freedom: $822,000
Fairness: $13,000
Mean: $511,000
$1,350,000
Jaan Tallinn: $542,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $808,000
Speculation: ($190,000)†
The Hack Foundation
General support of the AI Policy Institute
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
The Alignment Journal
Main: $167,000
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $3,000
Mean: $0
$170,000
Jaan Tallinn: $98,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $72,000
Speculation: ($20,000)†
Principles of Intelligence
General support of The Alignment Journal
Jaan Tallinn
The Divinity School (Div School)
Main: $0
Freedom: $115,000
Fairness: $2,000
Mean: $0
$117,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Matching: {$18,000}‡
Better Giving
General support of the Divinity School
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
The Future Society
Main: $65,000
Freedom: $268,000
Fairness: $95,000
Mean: $41,000
$469,000
Jaan Tallinn: $192,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $277,000
Speculation: ($40,000)†
Matching: {$150,000}‡
The Future Society, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
The Inside Story of Leverage Research 1.0
Main: $0
Freedom: $15,000
Fairness: $31,000
Mean: $0
$46,000
Jaan Tallinn: $21,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $25,000
Speculation: ($35,000)†
Independent Arts & Media
General support of the Inside Story of Leverage Research 1.0
Jaan Tallinn
The Institute for Family Studies (IFS)
Main: $0
Freedom: $295,000
Fairness: $0
Mean: $0
$295,000
The Institute for Family Studies
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Timaeus
Main: $467,000
Freedom: $36,000
Fairness: $32,000
Mean: $293,000
$829,000
Jaan Tallinn: $685,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $144,000
Speculation: ($70,000)†
Matching: {$316,000}‡
Timaeus Research, Inc.
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Topos Institute
Main: $0
Freedom: $553,000
Fairness: $26,000
Mean: $65,000
$643,000
Jaan Tallinn: $424,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $219,000
Speculation: ($40,000)†
Matching: {$418,000}‡
Topos Institute
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Trustless TEE
Main: $55,000
Freedom: $319,000
Fairness: $612,000
Mean: $188,000
$1,174,000
Jaan Tallinn: $344,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $830,000
Speculation: ($440,000)†
PBS Foundation
General support of Trustless TEE
Jaan Tallinn
UC Berkeley [AI & Public Feedback Workshop]
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $15,000
Mean: $0
$15,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
The Regents of the University of California
General support of AI & Public Feedback Workshop
Jaan Tallinn
UC Berkeley [HealthcareAI]
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $297,000
Mean: $0
$297,000
Speculation: ($50,000)†
The Regents of the University of California
General support of HealthcareAI
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
Ulyssean
Main: $17,000
Freedom: $250,000
Fairness: $3,000
Mean: $68,000
$338,000
Jaan Tallinn: $92,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $246,000
Speculation: ($40,000)†
Ulyssean PBC
General support
Jaan Tallinn & Dustin Moskovitz
University of Chicago [Existential Risk Laboratory (XLab)]
Main: $0
Freedom: $297,000
Fairness: $29,000
Mean: $3,000
$329,000
Jaan Tallinn: $19,000
Dustin Moskovitz: $310,000
Speculation: ($300,047)†
University of Chicago
General support of Existential Risk Laboratory
Jaan Tallinn
Vanderbilt University [Formal Epistemology and AI Safety (FAST)]
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $5,000
Mean: $0
$5,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Vanderbilt University
General support of Formal Epistemology and AI Safety
Jaan Tallinn
Viva City Galactic
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $4,000
Mean: $0
$4,000
Speculation: ($10,000)†
Healthspan Action Coalition, Inc.
General support of Viva City Galactic
Jaan Tallinn
Windfall Trust
Main: $0
Freedom: $0
Fairness: $16,000
Mean: $0
$16,000
Speculation: ($40,000)†
Windfall for Humanity, Inc.
General support

† Parentheses indicate a Speculation Grant awarded to certain recommended organizations, prior to the completion of the S-Process round. If the Speculation Grant amount was higher than the S-Process recommendation, it subsumed the S-Process recommendation, so only the Speculation Grant amount is meant to be granted. If the Speculation Grant was less, it was deducted from the S-Process recommendation, so the total granted is meant to be the amount of the S-Process recommendation.

‡ Curly braces indicate a Matching Pledge awarded to certain recommended organizations, as part of their S-Process round recommendation. This is funding that will be distributed conditional on the organization raising outside funds.

“*” Asterisks demarcate recommendations that were “controversial” in that one or more Recommenders wished to publicly disendorse the recommendation. Two asterisks on a recommendation indicate that there are two or more disendorsements.

Note that the S-Process system is designed to generally favor funding things that at least one Recommender is excited to fund, rather than things that every Recommender is excited to fund. As such, the grant recommendations above do not especially represent the “average” opinion of the group in any sense.

2026 Matching Pledge Recommendations

The final endorsed Matching Pledge recommendations of this round of the S-Process are listed below.

You can learn more about the SFF Matching Pledge Program on our Matching Pledges page.

All “Source” entries below are Jaan Tallinn.

Source
Organization
Matching Pledge Amount
Matching Rate
Matching Pledge Deadline
Jaan Tallinn
AI & Democracy Foundation
$16,000
1x
June 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
AI Safety Camp (AISC)
$28,000
1.5x
June 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
AISafety Info
$26,000
1x
June 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Alignment of Complex Systems Research Group (ACS)
$228,000
1.5x
June 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Alliance to Feed the Earth in Disasters (ALLFED)
$92,000
0.5x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Center for AI Safety (CAIS)
$357,000
1x
March 31, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Centre for Enabling EA Learning & Research (CEEALAR)
$239,000
2x
June 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Centre for Long-Term Resilience (CLTR)
$650,000
0.25x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Centre for the Governance of AI (GovAI)
$274,000
0.25x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Conflict Superintelligence Institute
$39,000
1x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Effective Institutions Project (EIP)
$336,000
0.5x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
EvalEval
$279,000
1x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
FAR AI
$97,000
0.25x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
First Proof
$96,000
2x
March 31, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Foresight Institute
$293,000
1x
March 31, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
French Center for AI Safety (CeSIA)
$53,000
1x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Gimbal
$28,000
1x
March 31, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
GreenEarth
$82,000
1x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Iliad
$159,000
1x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
ILINA Program
$459,000
1x
March 31, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Legal Advocates for Safe Science and Technology (LASST)
$172,000
1x
March 31, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Legal Safety Lab
$90,000
1x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Lightcone Infrastructure
$493,000
1x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Longevity Escape Velocity Foundation (LEV Foundation)
$189,000
1x
June 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Model Evaluation & Threat Research (METR)
$1,426,000
1x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Neo Research
$114,000
1x
March 31, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Non-Trivial Ventures
$40,000
1x
March 31, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Oxford China Policy Lab (OCPL)
$206,000
0.5x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Principles of Intelligence (PIBBSS)
$482,000
0.5x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Psst.org
$51,000
2x
June 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Reciprocal Research
$51,000
1x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Simon Institute for Longterm Governance
$138,000
0.25x
March 31, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Singapore AI Safety Hub (SASH)
$496,000
1x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Stanford University [Lean Verification for Safe AI]
$40,000
1x
June 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
The Divinity School (Div School)
$18,000
1.5x
June 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
The Future Society
$150,000
0.25x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Timaeus
$316,000
0.25x
September 30, 2027
Jaan Tallinn
Topos Institute
$418,000
1x
September 30, 2027

Matching Pledge Amount: The maximum amount the Funder will give to the organization as matching funds for outside donations they receive.

Matching Rate: The rate chosen by the organization at which the Funder will match outside funds, ranging from 0.25x to 4x.

  • A rate of 0.25x means $0.25 from the Funder for each $1 of outside funds
  • A rate of 1x means $1 from the Funder for each $1 of outside funds
  • A rate of 4x means $4 from the Funder for each $1 of outside funds

Matching Pledge Deadline: The date chosen by the organization by which they must receive outside donations in order for those donations to be eligible for their Matching Pledge.

As an example, suppose an organization receives a Matching Pledge Amount of $100,000, and has chosen a Matching Rate of 2x and a Matching Pledge Deadline of December 31, 2026. They would be eligible to claim $2 of matching funds for every $1 of outside donations they raise by December 31, 2026, up to a maximum of $100,000 of matching funds for raising $50,000 of outside donations.

Freedoms compatible with the S-Process

The S-Process is designed to allow a lot of freedom and autonomy for the Recommenders and the Funders. Funders retain the right and freedom to make and/or recommend grants that the S-Process, as a whole, did not endorse, based on information the Funders learn from the S-Process. As well, the S-Process structure doesn’t impose restrictions on Recommenders and Funders communicating with each other as much as they want outside of the S-Process. As such, while the S-Process might be useful in helping the Funders learn about grant-making opportunities and opinions, the Funders need not be limited by the outputs of the S-Process in order for it to function.

Sharing of Recommender input documents

Each Recommender’s own inputs to the process (both initial and final versions) are free for that Recommender to share privately or publicly in any form and for any use-case, as long as they anonymize any other Recommenders who have requested anonymity, and respect the privacy of the organizations who applied to the round. In particular, the S-Process does not require Recommenders to avoid sharing their own (appropriately anonymized) inputs, even when sharing some documents might make it somewhat easier in principle for an adversary to reverse-engineer the inputs of other Recommenders. The spirit of the S-Process is, however, to discourage this sort of intentionally adversarial de-anonymization, as it is disrespectful of the Recommenders who contributed their time and effort under the conditions of anonymity.